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Databases ​

8.1 Database Concepts ​

Candidates should be able to:

  1. Show understanding of the limitations of using a file-based approach for the storage and retrieval of data
  2. Describe the features of a relational database that address the limitations of a file-based approach
  3. Show understanding of and use the terminology associated with a relational database model

Notes and guidance

Including entity, table, record, field, tuple, attribute, primary key, candidate key, secondary key, foreign key, relationship (one-to-many, one-to-one, many- to-many), referential integrity, indexing

  1. Use an entity-relationship (E-R) diagram to document a database design

  2. Show understanding of the normalisation process

Notes and guidance

First Normal Form (1NF), Second Normal Form (2NF) and Third Normal Form (3NF)

  1. Explain why a given set of database tables are, or are not, in 3NF

  2. Produce a normalised database design for a description of a database, a given set of data, or a given set of tables

8.2 Database Management Systems (DBMS) ​

Candidates should be able to:

  1. Show understanding of the features provided by a Database Management System (DBMS) that address the issues of a file based approach

Notes and guidance

Including:

  1. data management, including maintaining a data dictionary
  2. data modelling
  3. logical schema
  4. data integrity
  5. data security, including backup procedures and the use of access rights to individuals / groups of users
  1. Show understanding of how software tools found within a DBMS are used in practice

Notes and guidance

Including the use and purpose of:

  1. developer interface
  2. query processor

8.3 Data Definition Language (DDL) and Data Manipulation Language (DML) ​

Candidates should be able to:

  1. Show understanding that the DBMS carries out all creation / modification of the database structure using its Data Definition Language (DDL)
  2. Show understanding that the DBMS carries out all queries and maintenance of data using its DML
  3. Show understanding that the industry standard for both DDL and DML is Structured Query Language (SQL)

Notes and guidance

Understand a given SQL statement

  1. Understand given SQL (DDL) statements and be able to write simple SQL (DDL) statements using a sub-set of statements

Notes and guidance

  1. Create a database (CREATE DATABASE)
  2. Create a table definition (CREATE TABLE), including the creation of attributes with appropriate data types:
    • CHARACTER
    • VARCHAR(n)
    • BOOLEAN
    • INTEGER
    • REAL
    • DATE
    • TIME
  3. change a table definition (ALTER TABLE)
  4. add a primary key to a table (PRIMARY KEY (field))
  5. add a foreign key to a table (FOREIGN KEY (field) REFERENCES Table (Field))
  1. Write an SQL script to query or modify data (DML) which are stored in (at most two) database tables

Notes and guidance

  1. Queries including SELECT... FROM, WHERE, ORDER BY, GROUP BY, INNER JOIN, SUM, COUNT, AVG

  2. Data maintenance including. INSERT INTO, DELETE FROM, UPDATE